Mongolia 2006 MNH 10 Sheets 120 Stamps

Description: MONGOLIA 10 SHEETS 120 STAMPS MNH LOT100% Original Old Stamps YOU ARE BIDDING ON: Mongolia 2000's - MNH - 10 Miniature Sheets - 120 Stamps LOT (Scott catalogue value $80.00) Condition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro WORLDWIDE SHIPPING FLAT SHIPPING RATES - MULTIPLE ITEMS IN 1 PACKAGE Fast delivery with tracking number for only $7.95 * * $10.95 if more than 0.100 kg incl. pack. Save money on postage - add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots. Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders. ANY QUESTION? E-MAIL US All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge. PRODUCT INFO Collecting postage stamps of MONGOLIA over the years is not only an acquaintance with history, but also a profitable investment The history of mail and postage stamps of Mongolia, a state in the north-east of Central Asia with its capital in Ulaanbaatar, conditionally covers the stages of development of the postal service: during the Mongol Empire, within China (Outer Mongolia) and during the period of independence, including Post Office of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) and the modern postal service of Mongolia (since 1992). Mongolia has been a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) since 1963. Its official postal operator is the Mongol Shuudan company. Genghis Khan and Chinese ambassadors. Miniature from the manuscript of Jami at-tavarih (XIV century) Content 1 Mail development 1.1 Early period 1.2 Foreign Posts in Mongolia 1.2.1 Russian post 1.2.2 China Post 1.3 Modernity 2 Issues of postage stamps 2.1 First stamps 2.2 Subsequent issues 2.3 Topics 3 Other types of postage stamps 4 Cataloging 5 Frauds 6 Development of philately 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Literature 10 Links Postal development Early period Mongolian Post is one of the oldest postal services in the world. The postal history of the Mongolian state dates back to the 13th century. With the emergence of the Mongol Empire, its rulers laid down a postal system known as urton mail. The date of foundation of the Mongolian mail is considered to be 1234, and its creator is Ogedei. It was a developed postal system based on the use of horse messengers and the very rapid transmission of messages using a relay [5] [9]. The messengers were able to deliver a letter from one end of the empire to the other in two weeks, covering about 200 km per day [5]. In ancient times (XIII century), the postal messengers of the empire of Genghis Khan were given a wooden, bronze, silver or gold plate - paiza (paisa or paisa). She gave the messenger the right to freely replace his tired horse with a fresh one. The paizakh were inscribed with an image of a flying falcon or a lion's head. The messengers, who had paizi from the khan himself, could cover distances of up to 300 km per day[10]. During the expansion of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century to the west, the Tatar-Mongol invaders organized postal communication on the territory of Rus', relying on postal roads and postal stations that already existed there[11]. Rashid ad-Din noted in his annals[12]: And in order for the uninterrupted arrival of messengers both from the princes and from his majesty the kaan in the interests of important matters, pits were set up in all countries and called it “tayan pits”. … the emirs […] set off and in all regions and countries, along the longitude and latitude of the earth's belt, they established pits. The early Mongolian postal service was an important link in the management of the empire[5], later became the prototype for the Russian Yamskaya persecution and existed in Mongolia in almost unchanged form until the beginning of the 20th century[3]. Foreign mail in Mongolia Russian post Main article: Russian post in Mongolia Regular delivery of correspondence to Mongolia and further to China was organized by Russian merchants in 1863[13], and in 1870 the state Russian post office was formed in Mongolia[14]. Chinese post Main article: Chinese Post in Mongolia From 1909 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1921, a Chinese post office also operated in Urga[15]. Before the release of its own postage stamps in 1924, there were Chinese stamps in postal circulation in Mongolia[2][16]. Modernity The Mongolian post received its modern development after the formation of the Mongolian People's Republic[2], namely from 1924[15]. During this period, on August 24, 1963, Mongolia joined the countries participating in the UPU[1]. In May 2003, the country's parliament approved the postal law of Mongolia[3], according to which the official state postal operator in the country is the company "Mongol Shuudan"[1] (translated from Mong. - "Mongolian Post")[2]. Issues of postage stamps First stamps External images The first stamps of Mongolia "Eldev-Ochir" 1924.07.01. Photo: Ts. Nyamzhargal/ESA.[17] The first Mongolian postage stamps appeared in 1924, with the proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic[2][16][18]. They were printed in Shanghai, although Moscow is indicated in foreign catalogs. The series included postal miniatures of seven denominations, from 1 cent to 1 dollar, each bearing the Buddhist symbol eldev-ochir[19][20] (crossed vajra). There are also known copies with perforation across the stamp, but those officially went on sale only for collection purposes[2][21][22]. Subsequent issues Overprinted stamp from the second issue of Mongolia (1926, 5 cents) In 1926, overprinted fiscal stamps of the second postage issue (Sc #16-23)[23] were put into circulation. Overprints in three colors (purple, black and red) contained inscriptions in English ("Postage" - "Post collection") and Mongolian[18]. Between 1929 and 1932, Mongolian stamps were characterized by intermittent perforation, resulting fromusing a perforating device with systematic gaps in a row of perforating needles. At the same time, stamps separated from each other in sheets with similar perforations had careless, as if torn, edges [24]. Stamps from the series "Mongolian People's Revolution" (1932) 20 mungoo (Sc #67) 20 mungoo (Sc #67) 25 mungoo (Sc #68) 25 mungoo (Sc #68) Portrait of Sukhbaatar. 40 mungoo (Sc #69)[^] Portrait of Sukhbaatar. 40 mungu (sc #69)[^] 1 tugrik (Sc #71) 1 tugrik (Sc #71) In 1943, the inscription in the Mongolian language “Mongol Shuudan” (“Mongolian Post”) appeared for the first time on the postage stamps of the country, which is still used today. In 1946, the first commemorative stamps were issued, and in 1961, the first postage block[16]. During the first forty years, from 1924 to 1963, a total of 303 postage stamps and six blocks were issued in Mongolia. The inscriptions on the original stamps were made in English (“Mongolia” - “Mongolia”; “Postage” - “Post collection”) and in the Mongolian language (Russian alphabet): “Mongol Shudan”, “Mongol Shuudan” (“Mongolian Post”) and "Mongol Ulsyn Shuudan" ("Post of Mongolia")[18]. Subject Mongolian postal miniatures feature a wide variety of subjects - from flora and fauna to "Rossica"[25], from science and technology to prominent figures in the history and culture of Mongolia[26]. In the latter case, for example, Mongolian issues depicting Genghis Khan[25] and Sukhe-Bator[≡] are known. During the years of the people's republic (until 1992), many stamps were issued dedicated to V. I. Lenin, the successes of the Soviet Union in space exploration, Mongolian-Soviet friendship and other topics[16][25]. The first stamp of Mongolia with a portrait of V. I. Lenin was published in 1951[16]. In addition to stamps, Leniniana is also represented on the Mongolian maximum cards[27]. In 1974 and 1980, stamps were issued in honor of the visit of Leonid Brezhnev to the MPR, and on the latter he was captured together with the Mongolian leader Yumzhagiin Tsedenbal. On the stamps of Mongolia in 2000 and 2001 there is also I. V. Stalin and M. S. Gorbachev. Mongolia dedicated the issue to the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow in 1985[25]. The first Mongolian stamp commemorating the achievements of the Soviet space program appeared in 1959. In total, Mongolia issued over 150 stamps on the Soviet space theme, as well as in honor of the joint flight of the Soviet-Mongolian crew of the Soyuz-39 spacecraft [25] [28]. The Mongolian Post pays much attention to the aviation theme, showing on its stamps the history of aviation, airplanes, helicopters, airships, including Soviet-made (accessories)[25]. Mongolian airmail block commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Wright brothers' flight, 1978 (Sc #C108). On the left field of the block is the pioneer of Mongolian aviation Shagdarsuren; on right - stamps of previous years with air stories that were published in Mongolia, the USSR and other countries[^] It is interesting that next to the planes on the stamps of Mongolia such figures of Russian and Soviet aviation as Mozhaisky and Chkalov are depicted - you will not find such stamps anywhere else in the world[25]. The first stamp of Mongolia (1962) depicting a fish - river perch (Perca fluviatilis)[^] Sports and the Olympics are also widely represented on the stamps of Mongolia. On one of them in 1969, the famous Soviet gymnast, multiple world, European and Olympic champion Boris Shakhlin was noted[25]. It is impressive how much flora and fauna are present on Mongolian postage stamps, including species that are also common in Russia and the former USSR: Przewalski's horse (often found on Mongolian stamps), Przewalski's gecko, Siberian frog, river perch[≡], Siberian grayling , Siberian sturgeon, Siberian taimen[29], Siberian primrose[de], etc.[25] Other types of postage stamps On June 5, 1961, the first airmail stamps and blocks[≡] appeared in the postal circulation of Mongolia, and on December 22 of the same year, postal-charity stamps appeared. In addition, on June 1, 1977, the country's only airmail postal-charity block was printed[23]. Cataloging A significant contribution to the cataloging of Mongolian postage stamps was made by the famous Soviet philatelist Samuil Blekhman, who also studied the history of Mongolian postal services. He compiled a catalog of Mongolian stamps. Interestingly, in the catalog of postage stamps "Stanley Gibbons" (6th edition, 2008), the postage stamps of Mongolia are described in the 10th part, dedicated to the stamps of Russia, along with the former republics of the USSR, Russian post offices abroad and military occupation issues[30 ]. falsifications In 1999, the Mongolian postal administration contacted the governing bodies of the UPU with information about fake stamps printed on behalf of Mongolia and distributed on the philatelic market for speculative purposes[31]. The development of philately Collectors of the country's postage stamps are united in the Federation (Union) of Mongolian Philatelists, which is part of the International Federation of Philately[32] and the Federation of Inter-Asian Philately (eng. Federation of Inter-Asian Philately, or FIAP)[33]. In the mid-1970s, the Union of Mongolian Philatelistsov was headed by People's Artist D. Amgalan. At the end of July 1976, the first Mongolian-Soviet philatelic exhibition was held in Ulaanbaatar, organized jointly by the All-Union Society of Philatelists (VOF) and the Union of Mongolian Philatelists. The exhibition featured four collections of philatelists from the USSR and seven collections from the Mongolian People's Republic. Mongolian developments were devoted to the following topics[34]: Leniniana (author E. Zhigmeddulam), cooperation of socialist countries (O. Sereeter), protection of motherhood and infancy (Ts. Darmaa and Tserendorj), art and culture (Ch. Sukhbaatar), etc. The exposition of C. Sukhbaatar was awarded the Prize of the Board of the VOF[34]. As of 2010, the chairman of the Federation of Mongolian Philatelists is Sereeter Boldkhet[32]. At philatelic exhibitions of international level, the country is often represented by the commissioner (authorized) of the Federation Shagdaryn Chadraabal; for example, he was present at the St. Petersburg-2007 World Exhibition of Postage Stamps[35]. The federation has an honorary member badge, the design of which is based on the eldev-ochir, a symbol that appeared on the first Mongolian stamps[36]. see also History of Mongolia Postal and postage stamp history of China Mongol Shuudang (company) paiza List of fish on the postage stamps of Mongolia Category:Images:Mongolian stamps Notes ↑ Show compactly Mongolia (English). member countries. Southern Asia and Oceania. Universal Postal Union. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Mongolia (Mongolian People's Republic, Mongolian People's Republic) // Philatelic geography. Asian countries (without the USSR) / N. I. Vladinets. - M .: Radio and communication, 1984. - S. 106-108. — 176 p. (Accessed: November 4, 2010) Post Office. living guide. Mongolia Travel Guide (December 9, 2008). Retrieved 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Urton mail // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 5, 2010) Örtöge (English) (inaccessible link - history). Mongolian Studies Online Reference. American Center for Mongolian Studies. — About the urton mail of the times of the Mongol Empire. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Bira S. The Mongolian Ideology of Tenggerism and Kubilai Khan / Mongolian Culture and Society in the Age of Globalism: Proceedings of an International Research Conference, Western Washington University, August 5-6, 2005 / Ed. by Henry G. Schwarz. - Bellingham: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 2006. - P. 13-26. — ISBN 0-914584-26-X. - (Series: Studies on East Asia, Vol. 26). (English) (Date of access: November 4, 2010) In English sources, the following names of urton mail are found: Örtöge (Mong. Өrtөge), Yam (yam), Örtöö (Mong. Өrtөө) and Morin urtuu (Mong. Morin өrtөө); cm.: Post Office. living guide. Mongolia Travel Guide (December 9, 2008). Retrieved 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Örtöge (English) (inaccessible link - history). Mongolian Studies Online Reference. American Center for Mongolian Studies. — About the urton mail of the times of the Mongol Empire. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Rashid al-Din. Collection of Chronicles Archived April 16, 2019 at the Wayback Machine / Per. L. A. Khetagurova. - M.-L.: AN SSSR, 1952. - V. 2. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) According to some sources, the Mongolian name of the post, "Morin urtuu", means "horse relay station"; see: Post Office. living guide. Mongolia Travel Guide (December 9, 2008). Retrieved 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Paiza // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Russian Post // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Rashid al-Din. Collection of Chronicles Archived April 16, 2019 at the Wayback Machine / Per. L. A. Khetagurova. - M.-L.: AN SSSR, 1952. - V. 2. - P. 36. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Merchant mail // Philatelic dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Light mail // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Rossiter, Stuart; Fowler, John & Wellsted, Raife.: Mongolia. Stamp Atlas. Sandafayre Stamp Auctions. Retrieved 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Mongolia // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 196. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Ts. Nyamzhargal. ESA sanal bolgoj bina: Mongolian Markiin Museum (Mong.). S H I K XXK-i Eh Survalzh Media Agentlag (Mar 28that 2018). Retrieved 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Reference book / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 195. - 480 p. (Accessed: November 4, 2010) "Scepter of Indra"; see also Vajra (weapon). Ankhny mark 'Eldev ochir' (Mong.). Madee, Madeelel - Angilagdaagy. tulhuur.com (November 12, 2007). Retrieved November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Ө. Sereeter agsany dursamjaas. Mongolian ankhny bagts mark (mong.) (inaccessible link - history). Mini ertonts. D. Tsogbadrakh; Blogspot; Blogger Google (May 24, 2008). Retrieved: November 5, 2010. soronzon. Mongol shuudangiin ankhny mark (mong.). soronzon. soronzon; Blogspot; Blogger Google (July 14, 2008). Retrieved November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Scott 2007. Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. - New York, NY, USA: Scott, 2006. (English) Intermittent perforation // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 6, 2010) Kvasnikov Yu. To the 150th anniversary of the philatelic "Rossica" // Nezavisimaya gazeta. - 2004. - No. 106 (3219). — 28 May. (Accessed 17 July 2015) Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Benenson O. People's Poet of Mongolia // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - P. 62. - (Heading: The world of hobbies). Sadovnikov V. Leninian at maximum carts // Philately of the USSR. - 1976. - No. 2. - S. 2-3. Kvasnikov Yuri. Stamps with portraits of the Soyuz-39 crew. "Soyuz-39" - 03/22/1981 - 03/30/1981. Space Philately: Encyclopedia "Cosmonauts in Philately": Flights. ASTROnote Space Encyclopedia (April 15, 2012). Date of access: September 15, 2015. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. See also List of fish on postage stamps of Mongolia. Pt 10 Russia 6th Edition Color (English). Category: Catalogs. Stanley Gibbons Shop. Stanley Gibbons Ltd. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. UPU Circulars issued concerning [[Illegal stamp issues]][[:en:Illegal stamps|[en]]] (1996-2003) (English) (PDF). DMS.PDM-La December 2003. Documents. 8 p. docstoc (December 8, 2003). Retrieved 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Mongolia (English). FIP Organization: Member Federations. F.I.P. - Fédération Internationale de Philatélie. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. FIAP Family (Member Federations) (English). Federation of Inter-Asian Philately (F.I.A.P.). Retrieved 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Ivanov M. First Mongolian-Soviet // Philately of the USSR. - 1976. - No. 10. - S. 16-17. Commissioners of the exhibition (inaccessible link - history). World Exhibition of Postage Stamps. Post office. Retrieved: November 7, 2010. (inaccessible link) Honorary Member of the Mongolian Philatelic Federation. The OMSA Medal Database. Asia-East. Mongolia. Orders and Medals Society of America; All Enthusiast Inc. Retrieved 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Literature Blekhman S. Postal history and signs of postage in the Mongolian People's Republic // Soviet collector. - M .: Communication, 1964. - No. 2. - S. 56-87. Blekhman S. Postal history and signs of postage in Tuva. - M .: Communication, 1976. (Date of access: November 6, 2010) Postage stamps of Mongolia: catalog price list. - Ulaanbaatar, 1984. Postage stamps of the Mongolian People's Republic, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Catalog 1961-1963. - M .: Main philatelic office, 1964. - 80 p. Radnaabazar G. Postage stamps of the MPR. - Ulan Bator: State Publishing House, 1984. - 240 p. Tugrik // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. Negus J. Stamps of Mongolia since 1945 // Gibbons Stamp Monthly. - 1956. - August. (English) (Date of access: November 7, 2010) OTHER INFO ABOUT THE PRODUCT Russian Federation Army Man wit Equipment Sowjetischer Kollektivbauer Briefmarke grün Soviet collective farmerGreen woman 15 kopeck - kopecks - Kopeker 1/6.7 Roubles - Rouble - Rubl USSR stamp - marka marki sssrРосси́йская Федерaция (Russian) Rossiyskaya Federatsiya Flag of Russia Flag Coat of arms of Russia Coat of arms Anthem: "Gosudarstvenny gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Capital and largest city Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E Official languages Russian Recognised national languages See Languages of Russia Ethnic groups (2010[1]) 81.0% Russian 3.7% Tatar 1.4% Ukrainian 1.1% Bashkir 1.0% Chuvash 0.8% Chechen 11.0% others / unspecified Religion See Religion in Russia Demonym Russian Government Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic[2] • President Vladimir Putin • Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev • Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matviyenko • Chairman of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin Legislature Federal Assembly • Upper house Federation Council • Lower house State Duma Formation • Arrival of Rurik[3] 862 • Kievan Rus' 882 • Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 • Tsardom 16 January 1547 • Empire 22 October 1721 • Republic 14 September 1917 • Russian State 23 September 1918 • Russian SFSR 7 November (25 October, OS), 1917 • Soviet Union 30 December 1922 • Sovereignty Declaration 12 June 1990 • CIS Declaration 8 December 1991b • Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation 25 December 1991b • Current constitution 12 December 1993 Area • Total 17,075,200[4] km2 (6,592,800 sq mi) (1st) • Water (%) 13[5] (including swamps) Population • 2018 estimate 144,526,636 Increase[6] (without Crimea)[7] (9th) • Density 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (225th) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate • Total $4.152 trillion[8] (6th) • Per capita $28,918[8] (49th) GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate • Total $1.522 trillion[8] (12th) • Per capita $10,630[8] (67th) Gini (2015) Positive decrease 37.7[9] medium · 98 HDI (2015) Increase 0.804[10] very high · 49th Currency Russian ruble (₽) (RUB) Time zone (UTC+2 to +12) Date format dd.mm.yyyy Drives on the right Calling code +7 ISO 3166 code RU Internet TLD .ru .su .рф The Crimean Peninsula is recognized as territory of Ukraine by a majority of UN member nations, but is de facto administered by Russia.[11] The Belavezha Accords was signed in Brest, Belarus on December 8, creating the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR ratified the accords on December 12, denouncing the 1922 treaty. On December 25, Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation and the following the day on December 26, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ratified the accords, effectively dissolving the Soviet Union. Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), also officially known as the Russian Federation[12] (Russian: Росси́йская Федерaция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a sovereign country in Eurasia.[13] At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi),[14] Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area,[15][16][17] and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people at the end of December 2017.[6] About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus' Khaganate Kievan Rus' Novgorod Republic Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism ‎ Postal Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement (Prisons) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry 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China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain 1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz 1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari 1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda. Vintage stamps and rare coins sale online! Продажа старинных марок и редких монет онлайн - stamplake.com STAMPLAKE.COM PROFESSIONAL SELLER Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure. However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money. You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market. If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection. Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Features and further details Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in. Contact us We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! 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Price: 7.92 USD

Location: Bergen

End Time: 2024-10-13T13:42:59.000Z

Shipping Cost: 3.79 USD